ALTAMENTE RECOMENDADO! “EL ESTUDIO DEL #TRAUMA : UN PANORAMA HISTORICO
El Manual de Psicología del Trauma de la APA brinda una descripción completa y comprensiva del campo comenzando, en este capítulo, con su historia. El campo de la psicología del trauma es a la vez antiguo y reciente. Como campo de estudio antiguo, la historia de la psicología del trauma se puede fechar alrededor de 1900 AC cuando los escritos médicos antiguos describieron por primera vez los síntomas que ahora veríamos como reacciones de estrés traumático. Recientemente , en 2006, la Asociación de psicólogos Estadounidense (APA) reconoció oficialmente a la #psicologia del trauma como un campo de estudio organizado por derecho propio con la formación de la División 56, la División de Psicología del Trauma.”
CHAPTER 1
THE STUDY OF TRAUMA: A
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Charles R. Figley, Amy E. Ellis, Bryan T. Reuther, and Steven N. Gold
The APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology provides a comprehensive and complete overview of the field starting, in this chapter, with its history. The field of trauma psychology is simultaneously ancient and recent. As an ancient field of study, the history of trauma psychology can be dated to about 1900 BC,
when ancient medical writings first described symptoms that we now would see as traumatic stress reactions. More recently, in 2006, the American Psychological Association (APA) officially recognized trauma psychology as an organized field of study in its own right with the formation of Division 56, the Division of Trauma Psychology. This chapter uncovers the fundamental principles in the conceptualization, theorization, and analysis of trauma causes, consequences, and management.
Hard as it may be to believe, psychological trauma did not always exist-at l least in the way it is understood in the 21st century. Despite receiving explicit recognition only in relatively recent times, human beings, throughout history, likely always have suffered psychologically as a result of tragedy, disaster, violence, and loss. Probably the greatest source of detailed accounts of these reactions before the 19th century is found not in medical documents but in literature and religious texts.
Psychologist Ben-Ezra (2004) argued that the first documented account of posttraumatic reactions was recorded on cuneiform tablets from ancient Sumer more than 4,000 years ago. Some of these tablets contain a narrative of the death of King Urnamma in
combat and the destruction of the city of Ur, known as the Lamentation of Ur. According to Ben-Ezra, the depictions of the responses of the citizens of Urnamma to these two events include disturbed sleep and sustained levels of heightened anxiety. This is one of the earliest instances of ascribing these types of reactions to specific events rather than to supernatural sources. Moreover, experiences of grief, sleep disturbances, and flashbacks attributed
to combat and loss also can be also found in the classic Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, which typically are attributed to Homer.
In 440 BC, Herodotus, a well-known Greek author provided one of the earliest examples of a written narrative of chronic symptoms caused by a traumatic stressor: sudden fright in the battle-field of the Battle of Marathon (Herodotus, 440 BC/1994-2009). Epizelus, an Athenian soldier, was purported to have been «stricken with blindness» (Davis, 1913, p. 332) suddenly and without any precipitating injury or bodily harm. The soldier explained that his blindness ensued after a gigantic warrior had passed by him, killing the man to Epizelus’s side. This illustrates one of the earliest examples of witnessing horrors and atrocities, rather than succumbing to actual physical threat or harm, leading to a manifestation of a trauma reaction. These early literary works depict intense and
chronic psychological reactions to military conflicts and witnessing death (Crocq & Crocq, 2000).
Indeed, many authors have examined accounts from antiquity to the 17th century and identified what would now be considered posttraumatic reactions (Ben-Ezra, 2004, 2011; Birmes, Bui, Klein, Billard,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000019-001
APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Vol. 1. Foundations in Knowledge, S. N. Gold (Editor-in-Chief)
Copyright © 2017 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.
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